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<div class="section" id="interface-conventions">
<span id="topic-interface"></span><span id="index-0"></span><h1>1. Interface conventions<a class="headerlink" href="#interface-conventions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>This document describes the conventions used in the programming
interface to the Memory Pool System. It also contains our <a class="reference internal" href="#topic-interface-support"><em>policy
for support for the public identifiers</em></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#topic-interface-general"><em>definitions of general types</em></a> that
appear throughout the interface.</p>
<div class="section" id="support-policy">
<span id="topic-interface-support"></span><span id="index-1"></span><h2>1.1. Support policy<a class="headerlink" href="#support-policy" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">We support the documented behaviour of public symbols in the MPS
interface. We will only remove these symbols or change their
behaviour in a new version, and not in a patch release. Normally
we will give one version&#8217;s notice before removing a symbol or
changing a particular documented behaviour: that is, there will be
a version in which the symbol (or reliance on some of its
behaviour) is deprecated.</p>
<div class="admonition-note admonition">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you are relying on a feature and you see that it&#8217;s
deprecated, please <a class="reference internal" href="../contact.html#contact"><em>contact us</em></a>. It makes a
difference if we know that someone is using a feature.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Behaviour that is not documented in the <a class="reference internal" href="../guide/index.html#guide"><em>Guide</em></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="index.html#reference"><em>Reference</em></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="../pool/index.html#pool"><em>Pool reference</em></a> is not supported and may change
without notice in future releases. In particular, private
identifiers may disappear or their behaviour be changed without
notice in future releases.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="language">
<span id="index-2"></span><h2>1.2. Language<a class="headerlink" href="#language" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>The MPS public interface conforms to ANSI/ISO Standard C (IEC
9899:1990).</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="headers">
<span id="index-3"></span><h2>1.3. Headers<a class="headerlink" href="#headers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>The main interface is in the header <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps.h</span></tt>. This header
contains all the core MPS interfaces. In practice, you always need
at least one arena class and one pool class header file as well.</li>
<li>We will always prefix public header file names with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps</span></tt> to
avoid clashes. We reserve the right to create new headers
with names beginning with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps</span></tt> in future versions.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/p.html#term-pool-class"><em class="xref std std-term">Pool class</em></a> headers have names beginning with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mpsc</span></tt>. For
example, the header for <a class="reference internal" href="../pool/amc.html#pool-amc"><em>AMC (Automatic Mostly-Copying)</em></a> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mpscamc.h</span></tt>.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/a.html#term-arena-class"><em class="xref std std-term">Arena class</em></a> headers have names beginning with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mpsa</span></tt>. For
example, the header for the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/v.html#term-virtual-memory-arena"><em class="xref std std-term">virtual memory arena</em></a> class is
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mpsavm.h</span></tt>.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="index-4">
<span id="identifiers"></span><h2>1.4. Identifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#index-4" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Identifiers are in lower case, except for preprocessor constants
and macros that do not behave like functions, which are in upper
case. Words are joined by underscores.</li>
<li>All identifiers are either <em>public</em> or <em>private</em>.</li>
<li>The name of public types, functions, variables, and macros start
with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps_</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MPS_</span></tt>. The name of public structure members
start with any letter.</li>
<li>Private identifiers start with an underscore <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_</span></tt>.</li>
<li>Type names end with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_t</span></tt>, except for structure and union types.</li>
<li>Structure types and tags end with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_s</span></tt>.</li>
<li>Union types and tags end with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_u</span></tt>.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="types">
<span id="index-5"></span><h2>1.5. Types<a class="headerlink" href="#types" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>There are three kinds of types declared in the MPS interface:
<em>transparent types</em>, <em>opaque types</em>, and <em>derived types</em>. See below.</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">A <em>transparent type</em> is an alias defined using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">typedef</span></tt>, and this
is documented so that the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/c.html#term-client-program"><em class="xref std std-term">client program</em></a> can rely on that
fact. For example, <a class="reference internal" href="#mps_addr_t" title="mps_addr_t"><tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps_addr_t</span></tt></a> is a transparent alias for
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">void</span> <span class="pre">*</span></tt>. Transparent types express intentions in the interface:
in the case of <a class="reference internal" href="#mps_addr_t" title="mps_addr_t"><tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps_addr_t</span></tt></a> it represents a pointer that
is under the control of the MPS.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">An <em>opaque type</em> is a pointer to an incomplete structure type. The
client program must not rely on details of its implementation. For
example, the type <a class="reference internal" href="arena.html#mps_arena_t" title="mps_arena_t"><tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps_arena_t</span></tt></a> is an alias for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span>
<span class="pre">mps_arena_s</span> <span class="pre">*</span></tt>, but the implementation of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span> <span class="pre">mps_arena_s</span></tt>
is not public.</p>
<p>There are a few structure types that are declared in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps.h</span></tt> but
whose implementation is not public. These only exist so that code
can be inlined using macros. The most important of these is the
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/s.html#term-scan-state"><em class="xref std std-term">scan state</em></a> structure <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps_ss_s</span></tt>, which is accessed by
scanning macros such as <a class="reference internal" href="scanning.html#MPS_SCAN_BEGIN" title="MPS_SCAN_BEGIN"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">MPS_SCAN_BEGIN()</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="scanning.html#MPS_FIX12" title="MPS_FIX12"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">MPS_FIX12()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">A <em>derived type</em> is a structure or function type based on
transparent and opaque types and on built-in C types. The degree
to which you may or must depend upon the implementation of a
derived type is covered by the documentation for the type. For
example, the structure type <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#mps_ap_s" title="mps_ap_s"><tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps_ap_s</span></tt></a> has a mixture of
public and private members.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="functions">
<span id="index-6"></span><h2>1.6. Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Operations that might fail return a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/r.html#term-result-code"><em class="xref std std-term">result code</em></a>, rather
than a &#8220;special value&#8221; of the return type. See <a class="reference internal" href="error.html#topic-error"><em>Error handing</em></a>.</li>
<li>A function that needs to return a value as well as a result code
returns the value via an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/o.html#term-out-parameter"><em class="xref std std-term">out parameter</em></a>, a parameter that
points to a location to store the result.</li>
<li>A function that stores a result in the location pointed to by an
out parameter only does so if the function is successful (that is,
if the function returns <a class="reference internal" href="error.html#MPS_RES_OK" title="MPS_RES_OK"><tt class="xref c c-macro docutils literal"><span class="pre">MPS_RES_OK</span></tt></a>).</li>
<li>The value in the location pointed to by an out parameter is not
read by the function.</li>
<li>Out parameters have names ending with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_o</span></tt>.</li>
<li>A function that both needs to read a value stored in a location and
update the value does so via an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/i.html#term-in-out-parameter"><em class="xref std std-term">in/out parameter</em></a>, which is
the same as an out parameter except that the location it points to
is read by the function. See for example <a class="reference internal" href="scanning.html#MPS_FIX12" title="MPS_FIX12"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">MPS_FIX12()</span></tt></a>.</li>
<li>In/out parameters have names ending with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_io</span></tt>.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="type-punning">
<span id="topic-interface-pun"></span><span id="index-7"></span><h2>1.7. Type punning<a class="headerlink" href="#type-punning" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>It&#8217;s tempting to use a type cast to change the type of an in/out or
out parameter, like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cm">/* allocate a struct foo */</span>
<span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mps_alloc</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">mps_addr_t</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pool</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">));</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is known as <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/t.html#term-type-punning"><em class="xref std std-term">type punning</em></a>, and its behaviour is not
defined in ANSI/ISO Standard C. See <a class="reference internal" href="../mmref/bib.html#iso90"><em>ISO/IEC 9899:1990</em></a>
§6.3.2.3, which defines the conversion of a pointer from one type to
another: the behaviour of this cast is not covered by any of the cases
in the standard.</p>
<p>Instead, we recommend this approach:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">mps_addr_t</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mps_alloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pool</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cm">/* handle error case */</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is portable because conversion from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">void</span> <span class="pre">*</span></tt> to any other
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/o.html#term-object-pointer"><em class="xref std std-term">object pointer</em></a> type is defined by <a class="reference internal" href="../mmref/bib.html#iso90"><em>ISO/IEC 9899:1990</em></a> §6.3.2.3.1.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="macros">
<span id="index-8"></span><h2>1.8. Macros<a class="headerlink" href="#macros" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">For function-like macros, the MPS follows the same convention as
the Standard C library. To quote <a class="reference internal" href="../mmref/bib.html#iso90"><em>ISO/IEC 9899:1990</em></a>
§7.1.7:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>Any function declared in a header may additionally be
implemented as a macro defined in the header, so a library
function should not be declared explicitly if its header is
included. Any macro definition of a function can be suppressed
locally be enclosing the name of the function in parentheses,
because the name is then not followed by the left parenthesis
that indicates expansion of a macro function name. [...] Any
invocation of a library function that is implemented as a
macro shall expand to code that evaluates each of its
arguments exactly once, fully protected by parentheses where
necessary, so it is generally safe to use arbitrary
expressions as arguments.</p>
</div></blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Some function-like macros evaluate an argument more than once, so
it is not safe to have a side effect in an argument of such a
method. These special cases are documented. For example,
<a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#mps_reserve" title="mps_reserve"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps_reserve()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">If you need the function rather than the macro, there are two
approaches. You can undefine the macro:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#undef mps_reserve</span>
<span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mps_reserve</span><span class="p">(...);</span> <span class="cm">/* calls function */</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Or you can put the name in parentheses:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mps_reserve</span><span class="p">)(...);</span> <span class="cm">/* calls function */</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Statement-like macros have names in uppercase, for example
<a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#MPS_RESERVE_BLOCK" title="MPS_RESERVE_BLOCK"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">MPS_RESERVE_BLOCK()</span></tt></a>. These macros behave like statements
rather than expressions, so that you cannot write:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MPS_RESERVE_BLOCK</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ap</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Details of the macro expansion, although visible in the header
file, are not part of the MPS interface, and might change between
releases. Don&#8217;t rely on them, unless they are documented
separately.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="general-types">
<span id="topic-interface-general"></span><h2>1.9. General types<a class="headerlink" href="#general-types" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="mps_addr_t">
<tt class="descname">mps_addr_t</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mps_addr_t" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>The type of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/a.html#term-address"><em class="xref std std-term">addresses</em></a> managed by the MPS, and also the
type of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/r.html#term-reference"><em class="xref std std-term">references</em></a>.</p>
<p>It is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/t.html#term-transparent-type"><em class="xref std std-term">transparent alias</em></a> for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">void</span> <span class="pre">*</span></tt>.</p>
<p>It is used in the MPS interface for any pointer that is under the
control of the MPS. In accordance with standard <a class="reference internal" href="../mmref/lang.html#term-c"><em class="xref std std-term">C</em></a>
practice, null pointers of type <a class="reference internal" href="#mps_addr_t" title="mps_addr_t"><tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps_addr_t</span></tt></a> will never be
used to represent a reference to a block.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="mps_align_t">
<tt class="descname">mps_align_t</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mps_align_t" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>The type of an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/a.html#term-alignment"><em class="xref std std-term">alignment</em></a>.</p>
<p>It is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/t.html#term-transparent-type"><em class="xref std std-term">transparent alias</em></a> for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">size_t</span></tt>.</p>
<p>An alignment must be a positive power of 2.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="mps_bool_t">
<tt class="descname">mps_bool_t</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mps_bool_t" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>The type of a Boolean value.</p>
<p>It is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/t.html#term-transparent-type"><em class="xref std std-term">transparent alias</em></a> for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span></tt>.</p>
<p>When used as an input parameter to the MPS, a value of 0 means
&#8220;false&#8221; and any other value means &#8220;true&#8221;. As an output parameter
or function return from the MPS, 0 means &#8220;false&#8221;, and 1 means
&#8220;true&#8221;.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="mps_clock_t">
<tt class="descname">mps_clock_t</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mps_clock_t" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>The type of a processor time.</p>
<p>It is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/t.html#term-transparent-type"><em class="xref std std-term">transparent alias</em></a> for
<a class="reference internal" href="#mps_word_t" title="mps_word_t"><tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps_word_t</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>This is the type returned by the plinth function
<a class="reference internal" href="plinth.html#mps_clock" title="mps_clock"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mps_clock()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="mps_word_t">
<tt class="descname">mps_word_t</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mps_word_t" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>An unsigned integral type that is the same size as an
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/o.html#term-object-pointer"><em class="xref std std-term">object pointer</em></a>, so that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sizeof(mps_word_t)</span> <span class="pre">==</span>
<span class="pre">sizeof(void</span> <span class="pre">*)</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The exact identity of this type is
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/p.html#term-platform"><em class="xref std std-term">platform</em></a>-dependent. Typical identities are <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unsigned</span>
<span class="pre">long</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unsigned</span> <span class="pre">__int_64</span></tt>.</p>
<div class="admonition-topic admonition">
<p class="first admonition-title">Topic</p>
<p class="last"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#topic-platform"><em>Platforms</em></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sphinxsidebar">
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
<p class="logo"><a href="../index.html">
<img class="logo" src="../_static/logo.png" alt="Logo"/>
</a></p>
<h3><a href="../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">1. Interface conventions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#support-policy">1.1. Support policy</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#language">1.2. Language</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#headers">1.3. Headers</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#index-4">1.4. Identifiers</a></li>
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