Straighten regexp postfix operator after zero-width assertion parse

The zero-width assertions \` \' \b \B were parsed in a sloppy way so
that a following postfix repetition operator could yield surprising
results.  For instance, "\\b*" would act as "\\b\\*", and "xy\\b*"
would act as "\\(?:xy\\b\\)*".

Except for \` and ^, any following postfix operator now applies to the
zero-width assertion itself only, which is predictable and consistent
with other assertions, if useless in practice.
For historical compatibility, an operator character following \` and ^
always becomes a literal. (Bug#64128)

* src/regex-emacs.c (regex_compile):
Set `laststart` appropriately for each zero-width assertion instead
of leaving it with whatever value it had before.
Remove a redundant condition.
* test/src/regex-emacs-tests.el
(regexp-tests-zero-width-assertion-repetition): New test.
* doc/lispref/searching.texi (Regexp Special):
Say that repetition operators are not special after \`,
and that they work as expected after other backslash escapes.
* etc/NEWS: Announce.

doc/lispref/searching.texi

@@ -546,15 +546,11 @@ example, the regular expression that matches the @samp{\} character is
 
 For historical compatibility, a repetition operator is treated as ordinary
 if it appears at the start of a regular expression
-or after @samp{^}, @samp{\(}, @samp{\(?:} or @samp{\|}.
+or after @samp{^}, @samp{\`}, @samp{\(}, @samp{\(?:} or @samp{\|}.
 For example, @samp{*foo} is treated as @samp{\*foo}, and
 @samp{two\|^\@{2\@}} is treated as @samp{two\|^@{2@}}.
 It is poor practice to depend on this behavior; use proper backslash
 escaping anyway, regardless of where the repetition operator appears.
-Also, a repetition operator should not immediately follow a backslash escape
-that matches only empty strings, as Emacs has bugs in this area.
-For example, it is unwise to use @samp{\b*}, which can be omitted
-without changing the documented meaning of the regular expression.
 
 As a @samp{\} is not special inside a bracket expression, it can
 never remove the special meaning of @samp{-}, @samp{^} or @samp{]}.

etc/NEWS

@@ -475,6 +475,14 @@ symbol, and either that symbol is ':eval' and the second element of
 the list evaluates to 'nil' or the symbol's value as a variable is
 'nil' or void.
 
++++
+** Regexp zero-width assertions followed by operators are better defined.
+Previously, regexps such as "xy\\B*" would have ill-defined behaviour.
+Now any operator following a zero-width assertion applies to that
+assertion only (which is useless).  For historical compatibility, an
+operator character following '^' or '\`' becomes literal, but we
+advise against relying on this.
+
 
 * Lisp Changes in Emacs 30.1
 

src/regex-emacs.c

@@ -1716,7 +1716,8 @@ regex_compile (re_char *pattern, ptrdiff_t size,
 
   /* Address of start of the most recently finished expression.
      This tells, e.g., postfix * where to find the start of its
-     operand.  Reset at the beginning of groups and alternatives.  */
+     operand.  Reset at the beginning of groups and alternatives,
+     and after ^ and \` for dusty-deck compatibility.  */
   unsigned char *laststart = 0;
 
   /* Address of beginning of regexp, or inside of last group.  */
@@ -1847,12 +1848,16 @@ regex_compile (re_char *pattern, ptrdiff_t size,
 	case '^':
 	  if (! (p == pattern + 1 || at_begline_loc_p (pattern, p)))
 	    goto normal_char;
+	  /* Special case for compatibility: postfix ops after ^ become
+	     literals.  */
+	  laststart = 0;
 	  BUF_PUSH (begline);
 	  break;
 
 	case '$':
 	  if (! (p == pend || at_endline_loc_p (p, pend)))
 	    goto normal_char;
+	  laststart = b;
 	  BUF_PUSH (endline);
 	  break;
 
@@ -1892,7 +1897,7 @@ regex_compile (re_char *pattern, ptrdiff_t size,
 
 	    /* Star, etc. applied to an empty pattern is equivalent
 	       to an empty pattern.  */
-	    if (!laststart || laststart == b)
+	    if (laststart == b)
 	      break;
 
 	    /* Now we know whether or not zero matches is allowed
@@ -2544,18 +2549,24 @@ regex_compile (re_char *pattern, ptrdiff_t size,
               break;
 
 	    case 'b':
+	      laststart = b;
 	      BUF_PUSH (wordbound);
 	      break;
 
 	    case 'B':
+	      laststart = b;
 	      BUF_PUSH (notwordbound);
 	      break;
 
 	    case '`':
+	      /* Special case for compatibility: postfix ops after \` become
+		 literals, as for ^ (see above).  */
+	      laststart = 0;
 	      BUF_PUSH (begbuf);
 	      break;
 
 	    case '\'':
+	      laststart = b;
 	      BUF_PUSH (endbuf);
 	      break;
 

test/src/regex-emacs-tests.el

@@ -883,4 +883,70 @@ This evaluates the TESTS test cases from glibc."
     (should (looking-at "x*\\(=\\|:\\)*"))
     (should (looking-at "x*=*?"))))
 
+(ert-deftest regexp-tests-zero-width-assertion-repetition ()
+  ;; Check compatibility behaviour with repetition operators after
+  ;; certain zero-width assertions (bug#64128).
+
+  ;; This function is just to hide ugly regexps from relint so that it
+  ;; doesn't complain about them.
+  (cl-flet ((smatch (re str) (string-match re str)))
+    ;; Postfix operators after ^ and \` become literals, for historical
+    ;; compatibility.  Only the first character of a lazy operator (like *?)
+    ;; becomes a literal.
+    (should (equal (smatch "^*a" "x\n*a") 2))
+    (should (equal (smatch "^*?a" "x\n*a") 2))
+    (should (equal (smatch "^*?a" "x\na") 2))
+    (should (equal (smatch "^*?a" "x\n**a") nil))
+
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\`*a" "*a") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\`*?a" "*a") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\`*?a" "a") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\`*?a" "**a") nil))
+
+    ;; Other zero-width assertions are treated as normal elements, so postfix
+    ;; operators apply to them alone (which is pointless but valid).
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\b*!" "*!") 1))
+    (should (equal (smatch "!\\b+;" "!;") nil))
+    (should (equal (smatch "!\\b+a" "!a") 0))
+
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\B*!" "*!") 1))
+    (should (equal (smatch "!\\B+;" "!;") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "!\\B+a" "!a") nil))
+
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\<*b" "*b") 1))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\<*b" "ab") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch ";\\<*b" ";b") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\<+b" "ab") nil))
+    (should (equal (smatch ";\\<+b" ";b") 0))
+
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\>*;" "*;") 1))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\>*b" "ab") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\>*;" "a;") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\>+b" "ab") nil))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\>+;" "a;") 0))
+
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\'" "ab") nil))
+    (should (equal (smatch "b\\'" "ab") 1))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\'*b" "ab") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\'+" "ab") nil))
+    (should (equal (smatch "b\\'+" "ab") 1))
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\'+" "+") 1))
+
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\_<*b" "*b") 1))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\_<*b" "ab") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch " \\_<*b" " b") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\_<+b" "ab") nil))
+    (should (equal (smatch " \\_<+b" " b") 0))
+
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\_>*;" "*;") 1))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\_>*b" "ab") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\_>* " "a ") 0))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\_>+b" "ab") nil))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\_>+ " "a ") 0))
+
+    (should (equal (smatch "\\=*b" "*b") 1))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\=*b" "a*b") nil))
+    (should (equal (smatch "a\\=*b" "ab") 0))
+    ))
+
 ;;; regex-emacs-tests.el ends here